Darwin the experimental psychologist:
Darwin hypothesized that only some of Duchenne’s slides [of emotional expressions] represented universal human emotions. To test this idea, he arranged a single-blind study at his home in Kent County, England. Darwin chose 11 of Duchenne’s slides, placed them in a random order and presented them one at a time to over 20 of his guests without any hints or leading questions. He then asked his friends to guess which emotion each slide represented and tabulated their answers.
- Facial expressions triggered by electric stimulation. Fig. 4, p. 277 from Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine by Guillaume Duchenne, 1862.